John Philip Holland’s brilliance transcended time, distance — and depth.
Widely proclaimed "the father of the modern submarine," Holland was born in Ireland and moved to the United States as a young man with the audacious idea of building a "submergible torpedo boat" that could fight silently beneath the waves.
He succeeded in remaking maritime history despite no formal mechanical, engineering or military training.
"He was a brilliant and instinctive engineer," Holland biographer Lawrence Goldstone told Fox News Digital.
Goldstone chronicled Holland’s unfathomable story in his 2017 book, "Going Deep: John Philip Holland and The Invention of the Attack Submarine."
"He figured out how to use the principals of undersea navigation to create a weapon that totally changed naval warfare," said Goldstone.
The USS Holland (SS-1), the first U.S. Navy submarine, was commissioned on Oct. 12, 1900.
The state-of-the-art American vessel, Holland's design, inspired a revolution in military technology.
"France, Japan and Britain each … pursued their own design based on the early Holland vessels," reports the U.K.’s Shipwreck Centre and Maritime Museum on the Isle of Wight.
The first British submarine, HMS Holland 1, was commissioned in 1901.
The museum adds, "Germany’s own experiments had not been successful, and they decided to experiment with a Holland vessel."
Holland became a U.S. citizen but would achieve neither fame nor fortune in the land of opportunity.
His intellect, it turned out, faced one challenge too deep to overcome.
"Holland was naive," said Goldstone.
Isaac Rice, an equally brilliant but "ruthless" electric-automobile pioneer, became a business partner and outmaneuvered the inventor to gain control of J.P. Holland Torpedo Boat Co. and his intellectual property.
Rice transformed Holland’s business into Electric Boat. Now a division of General Dynamics, Electric Boat has built much of the U.S. Navy submarine fleet, as well as boats for many other nations, for nearly 125 years.
Holland died penniless and unknown.
"Genius is not transportable," lamented Goldstone.
When Holland's invention, he said, "got to the point that he had to turn it into a practical product, not a practical machine but a practical product, he was totally out of his depth."
John Philip Holland was born in Liscannor, County Clare, on the west coast of Ireland, on Feb. 24, 1841.
The date of his birth is disputed.
His father John Holland, a lighthouse keeper and coastguardsman, and his mother, Mary (Scanlan) Holland, were both native Irish speakers. It appears the submarine pioneer was a teenager before he learned English.
Ireland had suffered under British rule for centuries.
Holland's father reportedly died when the future inventor was a young boy. He was just four years old when famine struck Ireland. Millions of Irish died or fled overseas.
Holland was stricken with poor eyesight due to malnourishment, according to the Ancient Order of Hibernians.
He was, by all accounts, an Irish patriot.
"As a youth, he considered the use of the submarine to further the cause of Irish Independence," reports the U.S. Navy's Naval History and Heritage Command.
Holland attended Christian Brothers School in Limerick and later became a mathematics and music teacher at the Christian Brothers convent in Drogheda, Co. Louth, north of Dublin.
"It was during his residence at Christian Brothers that he designed the submersible mechanical duck," according to the website of Scholars Townhouse Hotel, located in Holland's former convent.
The duck "could walk around the garden, swim, dive underwater and then resurface."
The source of Holland's mechanical aptitude remains unknown even to biographer Goldstone.
What is certain is that Holland grew up in an era bursting with innovation and filled with stories of underseas adventure.
Connecticut colonist David Bushnell built the Turtle, a primitive one-man submersible, in 1775; it was used unsuccessfully to attack the HMS Eagle in New York Harbor in 1776.
Submarine warfare gained international attention again during the American Civil War. The confederate vessel H.L. Hunley torpedoed and sunk the USS Housatonic in Charleston Harbor.
It is the first known sinking of an enemy vessel by a submersible in the history of warfare.
There was no glory to celebrate. The Hunley sunk, too. Its wreckage and the remains of its crew were discovered only in 1995.
Holland was further inspired by fiction.
"In 1870, Jules Verne published a novel ‘20,000 Leagues Under The Sea,’" the Clare County Library reports in its history of the beloved native son.
"An excited Holland persisted in turning a dream into reality."
Holland moved to the United States in 1873, first to Boston and then to Paterson, New Jersey.
He submitted his first submarine designs to the U.S. Navy in 1875.
They were turned down as unworkable.
"A fantastic scheme of a civilian landsman," one member of top Navy brass reportedly said.
Holland found benefactors in like-minded Irishmen.
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"The American Fenian Society, a group of Irish patriots who hoped to undermine England's naval power and gain independence for Ireland, commissioned Holland to build a submarine," reports The Irish American Museum of Washington, D.C.
His first "submergible" — as he called the technology — sank during testing in the Passaic River.
His second model, dubbed the Fenian Ram, successfully launched in New York City in 1881.
"He frightened fishermen and small boating parties on Long Island Sound by sudden appearances from beneath the waves; and apparently thoroughly enjoyed himself with his first real submarine," writes the U.S. Naval Institute.
"A full-scale vessel, the Fenian Ram had many of the features we associate with modern submarines," notes the Irish American Museum.
Among them: a tubular cigar shape and dual power — electricity for underwater, internal combustion for operating on the surface, much like non-nuclear subs still employ today.
The Fenian Ram was armed with torpedoes and fitted with a Holland innovation that transformed submarine technology forever: rudder planes that allowed the boat to dive and rise in the water.
Top brass was still not impressed.
Holland spent nearly two decades working on improvements. In 1897, he launched "the first submarine with the power to run submerged for any considerable distance," according to CHIPS, the Department of the Navy's information technology magazine.
By this time, he had lost the support of the Fenian brotherhood.
A new business partner emerged: Isaac Rice, a pioneer in electric automobiles. Among other successes, he had filled the streets of New York City with electric taxicabs, before the internal combustion vehicles replaced those fueled by battery.
Their sixth prototype proved a triumph.
"It was 53 feet long and driven by a 45 h.p. gas engine for surface travel and a 45 h.p. gas engine for underwater travel," reports the Clare County Library.
"It carried a crew of 15 and had a torpedo tube in the bow. It took its first dive on St. Patrick’s Day, 1898, in New York Harbor and was acclaimed a success."
The Navy purchased what is now known as the USS Holland (SS-1) on April 11, 1900, for $150,000, about half the cost to build it.
The Holland was commissioned as the first U.S. Navy submarine on October 12.
Holland would enjoy success in name only. Rice controlled the business, and the profits.
"Isaac Rice was ruthless, but also brilliant in his own way," said Goldstone. "Holland had an awareness that he needed a business partner … He was unaware of how ruthless Rice could be."
John Philip Holland died on Aug. 12, 1914, after more than a month battling pneumonia, at his home on 39 Newton St. in Newark, New Jersey.
He was 73 years old.
Holland is buried at Holy Selpuchre Cemetery in Totowa, New Jersey.
"For 61 years, he lay in an unmarked grave until public attention was focused on the historical oversight in 1975 and a memorial headstone was erected," reports the Ancient Order of Hibernians.
"Years later, another was erected in its place, and the original stone was transferred to his hometown of Liscannor and dedicated by the U.S. Navy Submarine Force."
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"Father of the modern submarine," says his gravestone, beneath a relief replicating the memorable picture of Holland in his bowler hat sticking his head out of the top of his submarine and gazing off to his left.
"Although he was interested in submarines, Mr. Holland was opposed to war," The New York Times wrote in a brief obituary the next day. "His idea of submarines was to incapacitate war ships and not to destroy them and kill the men on them."
The world had other ideas.
Two weeks before he died, the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia — plunging Europe into World War I.
Five weeks after his death, on September 22, German submarine U-9 sank three British battle cruisers in less than an hour, killing 1,400 men.
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"It's the battle that changed naval warfare forever," said Goldstone, while noting that the man who made such incredible submarine power possible had just "died in obscurity."
In addition to helping found, if not profit from, Electric Boat, Holland today enjoys acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic.
The Paterson Museum of New Jersey houses a treasure trove of Holland information and artifacts.
"He really changed the navies of the world and the way naval warfare developed," museum director Giacomo DeStefano told Fox News Digital.
A plaque was erected in Liscannor commemorating the 50th anniversary of his death in 1964.
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Castle Street in his hometown has been renamed Holland Street in his honor.
He’s also the namesake of the John P. Holland Charter School in Woodland Park, New Jersey, and the John P. Holland Centre in Liscannor.
To read more stories in this unique "Meet the American Who…" series from Fox News Digital, click here.
He’s been immortalized in statue in Drogheda Town, County Louth, where he lived in the Christian Brothers monastery as a young man.
He's also remembered and lamented in song in his homeland.
"In the year of 1914, the year of the Great War/A death appeared in the papers, it was read both near and far," concludes the lyrics to "John Philip Holland," sung to a traditional Irish tune.
"That man he died in poverty, but he did realize his dream/He was John Philip Holland who invented the submarine."
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